Presently these bridges will only be available in the TP6 and TPFP versions in Gold, Nickel, Chrome, and Black. The PS-8541-#0 are loaded with 6 BN-8501-00 (TP6) Example. The PS-8641-#0 are loaded with 6 BN-8502-00 (TPFP) Example. (A small flat-head

Presently these bridges will only be available in the TP6 and TPFP versions in Gold, Nickel, Chrome, and Black. The PS-8541-#0 are loaded with 6 BN-8501-00 (TP6) ExampleThe PS-8641-#0 are loaded with 6 BN-8502-00 (TPFP) Example(A small flat-head screwdriver will be required) The diagram below displays the StringSaver loaded tune-o-matic bridge, note that three saddles face in one direction and three are reversed, this allows for better guitar string intonation.It is important that the replacement saddles are positioned just as in the diagram below.With screw heads facing you, the three saddles to your left slope away from you, and the three to your right slope towards you.&#xA0;<img src="https://attachments.gorgias.help/qgaXzxadBM7vDWOp/hc/g5KDM28ZApx9aByw/2024082317-2220e713-bbc2-4df0-8218-6b031d08fa1b-tom%20bridge%20loaded%20with%20ss.jpg" class="fr-fic fr-dib"> <h2 id="step-1">Step 1:</h2>Loosen 3mm screws and unscrew until the screw is roughly removed halfway. <img src="https://attachments.gorgias.help/qgaXzxadBM7vDWOp/hc/g5KDM28ZApx9aByw/2024082317-0f197c1b-a8c5-43fc-b0d8-c0961f0b9e4e-loosen%203mm%20screws.jpg" class="fr-fic fr-dib"> Make sure to keep in place the spring clip that retains the screw and intern holds the screw in place. The diagram identifies the spring clip.<img src="https://attachments.gorgias.help/qgaXzxadBM7vDWOp/hc/g5KDM28ZApx9aByw/2024082317-9eb4ea3c-d660-452c-8b25-5daa91f7d20d-(diagram%20identifies%20spring%20clip)..jpg" class="fr-fic fr-dib"> <h2 id="step-2">Step 2:</h2>Remove the metal saddle and replace it with either the BS-8541-00 (PS-8541-# #) or BS-8502-00 (PS-8561-# #) <img src="https://attachments.gorgias.help/qgaXzxadBM7vDWOp/hc/g5KDM28ZApx9aByw/2024082317-4acfc58d-8b71-46f5-87ee-c68f539370cf-remove%20the%20metal%20saddle%20and%20replace%20with.jpg" class="fr-fic fr-dib"> <h2 id="step-3">Step 3:</h2>Hold the replacement StringSaver saddle into position and make sure that the retaining spring clip is secured into position, now insert the StringSaver replacement saddle and thread the screw through the saddle until the screw head is secured into the screw location hole, this small hole can be found on the opposite side of the bridge; this hole approximately 1mm in diameter. <img src="https://attachments.gorgias.help/qgaXzxadBM7vDWOp/hc/g5KDM28ZApx9aByw/2024082317-175047cc-bc2a-4faf-a3b3-01e365c57588-hold%20replacement%20stringsaver%20saddle%20into%20position.jpg" class="fr-fic fr-dib"> The diagram identifies the spring clip.<img src="https://attachments.gorgias.help/qgaXzxadBM7vDWOp/hc/g5KDM28ZApx9aByw/2024082317-590ab63a-9264-4339-8a43-13c6528a0df5-diagram%20identifies%20spring%20clip.2.jpg" class="fr-fic fr-dib"> <h2 id="isPasted">Step 4:</h2>Once all saddles are replaced, insert posts and secure posts into position with the Allen key. <img src="https://attachments.gorgias.help/qgaXzxadBM7vDWOp/hc/g5KDM28ZApx9aByw/2024082317-39f6aefc-2936-436f-8a5c-c77f1d82e430-insert%20posts%20and%20secure%20post%20into%20position.jpg" class="fr-fic fr-dib"> All ResoMax Tune-o-Matic bridges are to be shipped with two post inserts, two posts, and one 1.5 mm Allen Key or Hex wrench.

ResoMax Tune-o-Matic Bridge Saddles Installation Manual

How to install a Resomax tune-o-matic Bridge [Video]

<div class="fr-deletable gorgias-file-attachment__wrapper" contenteditable="false"><div>attach_file <a class="gorgias-file-attachment__anchor-name" href="https://attachments.gorgias.help/zj2g/hc/n9vd/lb63%20ghost%20bridge%20installation%20instructions-cf13051d-1fa9-4336-8faa-e9c69c74be2e.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">LB63 Ghost Bridge Installation Instructions.pdf</a> 1.5MB</div>close</div><div class="fr-deletable gorgias-file-attachment__wrapper" contenteditable="false"><div>attach_file <a class="gorgias-file-attachment__anchor-name" href="https://attachments.gorgias.help/zj2g/hc/n9vd/lb63%20saddles%20istallation%20instractions-c0563a8a-2edc-4412-87a1-752c32113882.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">LB63 Saddles Istallation Instractions.pdf</a> 177.3KB</div>close</div><img src="https://attachments.gorgias.help/zj2g/hc/n9vd/lb63%20ghost%20bridge%20installation%20instructions%20(1)-4fc20d69-0e68-466a-b7e6-17c8f42d941e.jpg" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><img src="https://attachments.gorgias.help/zj2g/hc/n9vd/lb63%20ghost%20bridge%20installation%20instructions%20(2)-b19e7da9-a6d1-4761-aac0-f01d47d3593b.jpg" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><img src="https://attachments.gorgias.help/zj2g/hc/n9vd/lb63%20saddles%20istallation%20instractions-b00e52e2-5bc1-479c-a703-b00a5dadf1a9.jpg" class="fr-fic fr-dib">

LB63 Installation Instructions

<div class="fr-deletable gorgias-file-attachment__wrapper" contenteditable="false"><div>attach_file <a class="gorgias-file-attachment__anchor-name" href="https://attachments.gorgias.help/zj2g/hc/n9vd/helium%20x%20user%20manual-ba880da0-c941-41d9-b378-da44242443bc.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Helium X User Manual.pdf</a> 1.6MB</div>close</div><img src="https://attachments.gorgias.help/zj2g/hc/n9vd/helium%20x%20user%20manual%20(1)-1a7c0f93-09e5-41a7-bff3-25efd28da56a.jpg" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><img src="https://attachments.gorgias.help/zj2g/hc/n9vd/helium%20x%20user%20manual%20(2)-43f5a929-735b-4fba-b4b4-dae3073a86a4.jpg" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><img src="https://attachments.gorgias.help/zj2g/hc/n9vd/helium%20x%20user%20manual%20(3)-9fe789e2-90b1-4cc5-b733-4ddd2e60baa5.jpg" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><img src="https://attachments.gorgias.help/zj2g/hc/n9vd/helium%20x%20user%20manual%20(4)-476b5178-9180-43a5-94ae-8d0ca17d796f.jpg" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><img src="https://attachments.gorgias.help/zj2g/hc/n9vd/helium%20x%20user%20manual%20(5)-1534fb01-63d2-4385-aa52-dff979e6d335.jpg" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><img src="https://attachments.gorgias.help/zj2g/hc/n9vd/helium%20x%20user%20manual%20(6)-2737fbd1-44d7-40dc-9799-3fe286569f21.jpg" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><img src="https://attachments.gorgias.help/zj2g/hc/n9vd/helium%20x%20user%20manual%20(7)-b50ebefa-b244-4e4d-b43f-2b93e3abf293.jpg" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><img src="https://attachments.gorgias.help/zj2g/hc/n9vd/helium%20x%20user%20manual%20(8)-f2298c0c-e750-4d12-a098-214a38fc1435.jpg" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><img src="https://attachments.gorgias.help/zj2g/hc/n9vd/helium%20x%20user%20manual%20(9)-88459b79-66e9-48d7-bf73-2d1af859ccc8.jpg" class="fr-fic fr-dib">

HeliumX Bass Bridge User Manual

Every player has had both the pleasure and pain of using a locking trem at one point or another! If you have ever wanted to change your string gauge or tuning, you know how much trouble this can cause. Here is a great setup guide you can use when ins

Every player has had both the pleasure and pain of using a locking trem at one point or another! If you have ever wanted to change your string gauge or tuning, you know how much trouble this can cause. Here is a great setup guide you can use when installing your LB63 bridge for both the String Saver and the ghost version. Changing strings on your locking tremolo1. Unlock the three clamps at the nut with the 3mm Allen wrench provided with the guitar or bridge.2. Set the fine-tuners on the bridge to the middle of there tuning range.3. Change one string at a time (starting at either E string) by first loosening the string and unclamping it at the saddle with the 3mm Allen wrench.4. Cut the ball end off the replacement string with a pair of wire cutters.5. Place the freshly cut string end into the center of the saddle and tighten the clamping screw until it is difficult to turn.6. Thread the other end of the string under its nut clamp and under the string hold down bar, then to the tuning key and tune the string. [Pull on the string until it is tight around the tuning key and retune.]7. Repeat 2 through 5 until all strings are replaced.8. Check your tuning on all strings once again.9. Re-clamp the three nut clamps.10. Check your tuning once again, and make any adjustments, this time with your fine-tuners only. Tuning your locking tremoloTuning your locking bridge is certainly a tricky business when the bridge is floating. This is because the total tension of the strings must balance the total tension of the tremolo springs with the base plate of the bridge parallel to the face of the guitar and with the strings tuned to the desired pitch. So, follow these steps, and what I just said will start to make some sense.1. Loosen the three string clamps at the nut2. Set your fine tuner screws on the bridge to the middle of their adjustment range.3. Tune the strings to your desired pitch (this can be drop tuning, open tuning, or standard pitch, the procedure is the same for any tuning) with an electronic tuner starting with the low &#x2018;E&#x2019;.4. When you have finished tuning all of the strings, check the tuning on the low &#x2018;E&#x2019; again. If the low &#x2018;E&#x2019; is now flat, re-tune the strings starting again with the low &#x2018;E&#x2019;, but this time tune the E, A, D, G, and B strings a little bit sharp, then the high &#x2018;E&#x2019; to pitch. If the low &#x2018;E&#x2019; is sharp, re-tune it as just described, only tuning the first five strings a little flat. You must tune the strings a little sharp or flat to get to your tuning because every time you change the tension (or pitch) of one string, the other strings change pitch in the opposite direction.5. Repeat step 4 until all the strings are at the desired pitch.6. When the strings are at the desired pitch, check to see if the bridge base plate is sitting parallel to the top surface of the guitar. If the base plate is tilted forward away from the body, you must tighten the tremolo springs tension by turning the spring claw screws clockwise and repeat step 4. If the base plate is tilted back toward the body, you must loosen the tremolo springs tension by turning the spring claw screws counter-clockwise and repeat step 4. [Step 6 only needs to be done on the initial set-up of the bridge or if you change to another gauge of strings or change to a different tuning.7. When the bridge is sitting parallel to the face of the guitar, and the strings are tuned to the desired pitch, re-clamp the three nut clamps and re-tune (if necessary) once again using only the fine tuners.8. When tuning is complete, check the action of the strings of the neck. If your action is to high or to low, adjust the action with the two rocker screws (bridge pivot screws) using the 3mm Allen wrench. This adjustment will slightly change your tuning. If your fine tuners run out of range, you must repeat steps 1 thru 7. Intonating your locking tremolo[before intonating your bridge, you must tune your guitar using the tuning instructions above]Check the intonation:1. Tune all the strings on your guitar to an electronic tuner with all the nut clamps released.2. Determine if the intonation of the string you wish to change is sharp or flat by chiming the string directly over the 12th and checking the tuning. Then, carefully press the string down to the 12th fret and check the tuning again with the string fretted. If the fretted note is flat when compared to the chimed note, then the saddle must be moved toward the nut until the chimed note and the fretted note match. If the fretted note is sharp when compared to the chimed note the saddle must be moved away from the nut until the chimed and fretted notes match. To move the saddle:1. Once you have determined which direction (toward or away from the nut) to move the saddle, loosen the string until it is limp.2. Loosen the attachment screw holding the saddle to the bridge plate while holding the saddle in place. Move the saddle in the desired direction a small amount (about 1/16in on the first adjustment and your best guess on subsequent adjustments) and re-tighten the screw. [Note: If the saddle does not move forward because it is resting against the attachment screw, you can move the screw to the next hole forward on the bridge plate. This will give you more adjustment range. Also, if you need to move the saddle away from the nut to a position where the attachment screw can no longer clamp the saddle firmly, you can move the screw to the next hole back on the bridge plate.3. Re-tune the string and check the intonation again using the procedure outlined above (check the intonation).4. Repeat this cycle until each string is properly intonated.When you&#x2019;re finished with the intonation procedure re-tighten the nut clamps. This will not change your intonation setting. 1. Check to see if the base plate is sitting parallel with the top surface of the guitar. If it seems to be tilted forward, toward the pickups, then you need to tighten the springs and retune the guitar and check the tilt again. If it is tilted back toward the body of the guitar, loosen the springs and retune itat the to,. Repeat this procedure until the bridge sits level.2. Make sure the nut is attached securely by tightening the nut attachment screws. This is critical for tuning stability.3. Make sure the string clamps at the nut and bridge are very tight.4. Make sure the saddle intonation screws are tight.If these things have been done correctly and your bridge still does not come back to the proper pitch when using the tremolo the knife-edges may be damaged. To check this you must remove the bridge. You can easily remove the bridge with the strings still clamped in the bridge by removing the tremolo springs. [Be sure to hold on to the bridge when removing the springs.] If you don&apos;t feel comfortable doing this, take the guitar to a good guitar repairman. Check the knife edges,. They should not be dull rounded or chipped. We&apos;ll change the way you play!

Setting up Your Graph Tech Locking Bridge

<div class="fr-deletable gorgias-file-attachment__wrapper" contenteditable="false"><div>attach_file <a class="gorgias-file-attachment__anchor-name" href="https://attachments.gorgias.help/zj2g/hc/n9vd/resomax%20tune-o-matic%20bridge%20installation%20guide-fc4bd5bb-5f0d-4dde-b041-778833478fcf.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">ResoMax Tune-o-Matic Bridge Installation Guide.pdf</a> 156.3KB</div>close</div><img src="https://attachments.gorgias.help/zj2g/hc/n9vd/resomax%20tune-o-matic%20bridge%20installation%20guide-9a6f929e-cb19-4acf-afce-0f944d41bb77.jpg" class="fr-fic fr-dib">

ResoMax Tune-O-Matic Installation Instructions

<div class="fr-deletable gorgias-file-attachment__wrapper" contenteditable="false"><div>attach_file <a class="gorgias-file-attachment__anchor-name" href="https://attachments.gorgias.help/zj2g/hc/n9vd/resomax%20wraparound%20bridge%20installation%20guide-9c38d7bc-0380-4204-ba26-2af13f37cab0.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">ResoMax Wraparound Bridge Installation Guide.pdf</a> 143.6KB</div>close</div><img src="https://attachments.gorgias.help/zj2g/hc/n9vd/resomax%20wraparound%20bridge%20installation%20guide-62077a88-8e4e-4ee7-b9b4-83519194e03e.jpg" class="fr-fic fr-dib">

ResoMax Wraparound Bridge Installation Instructions

Hours of operation:  Monday - Friday

Customer Service & Support: support@graphtech.com
Dealer and OEM Sales: sales@graphtech.com

Hours of operation:  Monday through Friday from 8 am to 4 pm Pacific Time

Back to the Store

Graph Tech

INSTALLATION

BRIDGES

Finding the Right Nut (2)

How to Measure a Guitar Nut and Saddle (2)

Finding the Right Acoustic Saddle (2)

Finding the Right String Saver Saddle (2)

You have so many guitar nuts, how do I figure out which one is right for my guitar? (2)

How can I find out if the saddles will fit my Epiphone ES 335's bridge? (2)

How do i know what saddle to use for my tune-o-matic bridge? (2)

Finding the Right Nut Video (2)

Installing a Blank Nut Video (2)

Installing a Slotted Nut Video (2)

How to Install a Ukulele Nut Video (2)

Finding the Right String Saver Saddle Video (2)

Finding the Right Acoustic Saddle Video (2)

How to Install a Ukulele Saddle Video (2)

How to Install Tune-A-Lele Machine Heads on Your Ukulele Video (2)

HOW TO QUICKLY FIND & INSTALL PARTS

Returns & Exchanges Policy

What forms of payment do you accept?

What countries do you ship to?

I placed an order on your website, will I get an email confirmation?

How long will it take to have my order delivered?

Will I have to pay import duties on my order?

ORDER FAQs

Finding the Right Nut

You have so many guitar nuts, how do I figure out which one is right for my guitar? copy

How to Measure a Guitar Nut and Saddle

HOW TO FIND THE CORRECT NUT

What is TUSQ made of?

How is TUSQ different from any other material (bone, micarta, and corian) used in nuts and saddles)?

What does TUSQ sound like on an electric guitar?

Graph Tech Nut & Saddle Characteristics

What is Black TUSQ XL?

How is Black TUSQ XL different than any other material (bone, micarta, and corian) used in saddles in nuts?

Will installing a BLACK TUSQ XL (formerly Trem-Nut) or TUSQ nut change my tone?

Why is NuBone only available in pre-slotted and compensated models? copy

Will NuBone improve the sound on my guitar? copy

What is NuBone?

What is the difference of TUSQ and NuBone?

MATERIALS

Guitar Un-Lock Nut Installation Instructions

What is the Graph Tech Un-Lock Nut?

Why was the Un-Lock Nut developed?

What sets the Un-Lock Nut apart from traditional locking nuts?

Do I need locking machine heads to use the Un-Lock Nut?

How does the Un-Lock Nut enhance the feel and connection of strings to the guitar neck?

Can I switch to alternate tunings with the Un-Lock Nut?

Is the Un-Lock Nut compatible with Floyd Rose-style guitars?

Why didn’t they just use locking tuners in the first place for wild dive bombs with a locking bridge?

FAQs

UN-LOCK NUT

Guitar Nut Installation Instructions

Bass Nut Installation Instructions

SuperCharger Kit Installation Guide

You have so many guitar nuts, how do I figure out which one is right for my guitar?

Can I modify TUSQ to fit my guitar?

What type of glue should I use for bonding Graph Tech materials to wood?

Can I use acetone to remove CA glue from TUSQ material?

Can I modify Black TUSQ XL to fit my guitar?

What type of glue should I use for bonding Graph Tech materials to wood? copy

How deep should I carve the groove for a nut on my guitar neck?

BLANK

Why is there a little tab on the bottom of the PT-5000-00 nut?

PRE-SLOTTED

Finding the Right Nut Video

Installing a Slotted Nut Video

Installing a Blank Nut Video

How to Install a Ukulele Nut Video

VIDEOS

Which manufacturers use TUSQ on their guitars?

Will the 6060 fit my Epiphone instrument?

What is the difference between Black TUSQ XL and a TUSQ nut?

Will the self lubrication wear off the nut?

Neck Woods

Fretboard Woods

Different Woods, Different Tones (Part 2)

Why is NuBone only available in pre-slotted and compensated models?

Will NuBone improve the sound on my guitar?

Why is NuBone only available in packs of 10 pieces?

Paul Reed Smith Guitar Nuts

What are the mechanical and chemical properties of your nut materials?

NUTS

How will this help me reduce string breakage?

Install an Acoustic Saddle

How do i know what saddle to use for my tune-o-matic bridge?

Electric Saddle Installation Instructions

Finding the Right Acoustic Saddle

Finding the Right String Saver Saddle

How can I find out if the saddles will fit my Epiphone ES 335's bridge?

HOW TO FIND THE CORRECT SADDLES

Why Guitar Strings Break

Why Use String Saver Saddles

What is the difference between String Saver Originals and String Saver Classics?

What if the strings start to dig into the saddle?

If a string starts breaking using String Saver Saddles

What are the String Saver saddles made out of?

The Acoustics of The Guitar - the Science Behind Acoustic Guitar Tone

Acoustic Saddle Installation Instructions

FR Locking Saddle Installation Instructions

SPEC. SHEETS

What if I have an under the saddle pick up?

Can I modify String Saver Originals for my guitar?

How does intonation work?

Finding the Right String Saver Saddle Video

Finding the Right Acoustic Saddle Video

How to Install a Ukulele Saddle Video

What material is String Saver made out of?

What if the strings dig in to the String Saver saddles?

If a saddle starts breaking strings

What are the mechanical and chemical properties of your saddle materials?

SADDLES

How do I know if you bridge pins will fit my guitar?

Will TUSQ bridge pins improve my tone?

Bridge Pins Installation Instructions

BRIDGE PINS

STRING TREES

How do i know what saddle to use for my tune-o-matic bridge? copy

HOW TO FIND THE CORRECT BRIDGES

How will this help me reduce string breakage? copy

What is the difference between String Saver Saddles and TUSQ saddles?

What are ResoMax bridges made out of?

How will this light weight bridge benefit me?

Will the U.L.F. coating wear off?

Will the ResoMax tailpiece benefit me? copy

ResoMax Tune-O-Matic Bridge Specs and Technical Information

ResoMax Archtop Bridge Specs and Technical Information

LB63 Specs and Technical Information

Ghost Hipshot Bridge Specs and Technical Information

HeliumX for Bass Bridge Specs and Technical Information

ResoMax Wraparound Bridge Specs and Technical Information

Resomax Tune-o-Matic Bridges & Epiphone Guitars (mid 90's)

What is the autolock locking feature?

Will the autolock magnets interfere with my regular pickups?

What is the difference between NVS, NV1 and NV2?

What are the U.L.F saddles made from?

Will the ResoMax tailpiece benefit me?

How easy is it to install a ResoMax bridge?

Product Spotlight: Resomax Harmonic Bridge Systems

Standard and Locking Machine Heads Installation Guide

Open-back and Retro Machine Heads Installation Guide

Bass Y-Style Machine Heads Installation Guide

Bass Clover-Style Open-Back Machine Heads Installation Guide

Ukulele Machine Heads Installation Guide

Are 12-string Ratio acoustic tuners sets possible?

Standard and Locking Machine Heads Actual Size Templates & Measurements

Locking Staggered Machine Heads Actual Size Templates & Measurements

InvisoMatch Adapter Plates - Actual Size Templates & Measurements

Open-back Machine Heads Actual Size Templates & Measurements

Bass Y-Style Machine Heads Actual Size Templates & Measurements

Bass Clover-style Open-back Machine Heads Actual Size Templates & Measurements

Ukulele Machine Heads Actual Size Templates & Measurements

Ukulele Bass Machine Heads Actual Size Templates & Measurements

Guitar and Bass Button Post Measurements

Open Back Bushing-Large Actual Size Templeates & Measurements

How to Install Tune-A-Lele Machine Heads on Your Ukulele Video

How to Install Ratio Tuners Video

Why Use Tune-a-Lele Machine Heads Video

Why Use InvisoMatch Plates Video

MACHINE HEADS

The saddle wires have 2 sides, which is which?

How do I ground my acoustic guitar?

Can I replace the saddles on my Line6 Variax with ghost saddles?

Can I plug the pickup saddles from my Variax Line 6 into the ghost preamp?

Can I file my ghost saddle to achieve a different dimensions or string spacing?

Do you make a MIDI bridge for 7 string guitars?

Can you install the ghost saddles without a pre-amp?

GHOST SADDLES FAQ

How does the ghost Acousti-Phonic sound?

Does the Acoust-Phonic "color" my mag sound as it passes through?

How big is the Acousti-Phonic?

Can I add a tone control to the ghost system?

How do I wire a stacked pot to the ghost system?

Can I use a standard 3-way toggle and push/pull pot with the Ghost Acousti-Phonic basic kit for my guitar?

Can the ghost system be used with other manufacturer's components?

Can I install the ghost Acousti-Phonic on a guitar that is string-thru-body?

Can I wire the Acousti-Phonic with two output jacks instead of one stereo jack?

If I plug a mono cable into the stereo jack does the guitar still function normally as it would prior to installing the Acousti-Phonic preamp?

This Acousti-Phonic is described as "18V compatible". Does that mean I need to put two 9v batteries inside my guitar?

Can I keep the output jack that came with my guitar, instead of using the one that came with the Acousti-Phonic?

Wouldn't it be better to control the mag/acoustic mix with a Blend Pot?

ACOUSTI-PHONIC FAQ

PICKUP SYSTEMS